Human Ancestors - Ardipithecus Group

Sauroposeidon - Facts and Figures

Name: Sauroposeidon (Greek for Poseidon lizard); pronounced SORE-oh-po-SIDE-on Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Middle Cretaceous (110 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 100 feet long and 60 tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Extremely long neck; massive body; small head About Sauroposeidon For years, pretty much all we knew about the fancifully named Sauroposeidon derived from a handful of cervical vertebrae (neck bones) unearthed in Oklahoma in 1999. These arent just your garden-variety vertebrae, though--judging by their massive size and weight, its clear that Sauroposeidon was one of the largest herbivorous (plant-eating) dinosaurs that ever lived, outclassed only by the South American Argentinosaurus and its fellow North American cousin Seismosaurus (which may well have been a species of Diplodocus). A few other titanosaurs, like Bruthathkayosaurus and Futalongkosaurus, may also have outclassed Sauroposeidon, but the fossil evidence attesting to their size is even more incomplete. In 2012, Sauroposeidon underwent a resurrection of sorts when two other (equally poorly understood) sauropod specimens were synonymized with it. The scattered fossils of Paluxysaurus and Pleurocoelus individuals, discovered near the Paluxy River in Texas, were assigned to Sauroposeidon, with the result that these two obscure genera may one day be synonymized themselves with the Poseidon Lizard. (Ironically, both Pleurocoelus and Paluxysaurus have served as the official state dinosaur of Texas; not only may these be the same dinosaur as Sauroposeidon, but all three of these sauropods may also have been the same as Astrodon, the official state dinosaur of Maryland. Isnt paleontology fun?) Judging from the still-limited evidence available, what set Sauroposeidon apart from other enormous, elephant-legged, small-brained sauropods and titanosaurs was its extreme height. Thanks to its unusually long neck, this dinosaur may have towered 60 feet into the sky--high enough to peek into a sixth-floor window in Manhattan, if any office buildings had existed during the middle Cretaceous period! However, its unclear if Sauroposeidon actually held its neck to its full vertical height, as this would have placed enormous demands on its heart; one theory is that it swept its neck and head parallel to the ground, sucking up low-lying vegetation like the hose of a giant vacuum cleaner. By the way, you may have seen an episode of the Discovery Channel show Clash of the Dinosaurs stating that Sauroposeidon juveniles grew to huge sizes by eating insects and small mammals. This is so far from accepted theory that it seems to have been completely made up; to date, theres absolutely no evidence that sauropods were even partly carnivorous. There is, however, some speculation that prosauropods (the distant Triassic ancestors of the sauropods) may have pursued omnivorous diets; perhaps a Discovery Channel intern got his research mixed up! (Or perhaps the same TV network that enjoys making up facts about Megalodon simply doesnt care whats true and whats false!)

Accounting Scandals And The Enron Corporation - 1721 Words

Accounting scandals have happened in numerous companies. In one major case, the firm filed for bankruptcy, and many of its workers lost their jobs, savings, and investments from stocks. This major epidemic happen at Enron, an energy firm stationed in Houston, Texas founded by Kenneth Lay in 1986 (Frontain). On December 2, 2001, the Enron Corporation, an apparently strong and booming business, fell to an all-time low by shocking the world when it filed for bankruptcy protection. Many people were left unemployed and without their savings. Because of this scandal, numerous effects were left on the accounting profession since the scandal was traced to the company’s financial reports, accountants, and auditors (Buckstein Part 2, p.1). Enron†¦show more content†¦The employees were considered magicians because of their expert ability to handle the numbers in such a manner which made it look easy and precise. As Enron began to rely on the trading process, a few changes had to be made to their accounting techniques. Skilling implemented a technique called mark-to-market accounting where the present value of projected revenue is understood, and the expected costs of a contract become expenses after the contract is signed (Frontain). As part of the company’s annual report, the losses in market value and unexpected gains of continuing contracts had to be recorded. In 1999 the stock rose fifty-nine percent, and in 2000 it rose again another eighty-seven percent. Because of the rise in stock, Enron began to lose operation money by taking on more companies than they could handle. Nonetheless, with the help from its auditor, Arthur Andersen, it appeared stable. Enron used prepaid loans which helped the company raise cash flow; however, these loans were not included on the balance sheets. In 2001 over five billion dollars were invested in prepaid loans to raise cash flow and eliminate the debt (Frontain). More investigation began after the discovery of Enron paying Andersen about fifty million dollars in 2000 for his auditing and consultant work. About three-thousand of its partnerships did not make their way onto the balance sheets leavingShow MoreRelatedEnron and Worldcom Case Study1225 Words   |  5 PagesEnron and WorldCom Case Study This report is based on the demise of Enron Corporation and WorldCom. Both the firms are demised due to the ethical lapses. These ethical lapses come into existence when managements of the firm, uses unethical practices to accomplish the goals of the firm. Maintaining financial and accounting standards in the business practices are necessary. 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The reasons were mainly because of failure to follow major accounting principles, lacking morals and lacking strong work ethics. If even a major corporation can fall into this â€Å"trap†, then avoiding doesn’t sound easy, although accountants can easily avoid scandals by following aRead More Ethical Lessons Learned from Corporate Scandals Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Lessons Learned from Corporate Scandals Ethics is about behavior and in the face of dilemma; it is about doing the right thing. Ideally, managerial leaders and their people will act ethically as a result of their internalized virtuous core values. The Enron scandal is the most significant corporate collapse in the United States and it demonstrates the need for significant reforms in accounting and corporate governance in the United States. It is also a call for a close look at the

Critical review of innovation prevention of Diabetes - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Critical review of innovation prevention of Diabetes. Answer: Introduction Chronic diseases are health abnormalities that persist over a long period of time (3 months) (Bauer et al. 2014). Diabetes is regarded as a chronic diseases occurring due to inefficiency of the pancreas to produce adequate insulin. The hormone insulin is responsible for converting blood glucose. This results in an elevation in the blood sugar levels beyond the threshold (Chiuve et al. 2012). Regardless of the geography, age and socio-economic condition, diabetes mellitus has become a major health concern. The incidence rates have reached an alarming level that calls for the need to innovate healthcare delivery solutions in this digital age. Researchers expect the youth to get empowered with their smart phones in near future, owing to which mobile health (m-Health) innovations can be implemented to take responsibility of managing the chronic health disorder. Healthcare professionals and clinicians will adorn the role of advisors and navigators, in addition to acting as medical gatekeepers of the patients. This report will describe the m-Health system and application for management and prevention of diabetes. It will also evaluate clinical evidence of the impact and future implications of these innovations. Discussion and evaluation Description of the innovation and the community SAED, a mobile diabetes management system was formulated with regards to the residents of the community for the effective prevention and management of the chronic health condition. The SAED encompasses a smart mobile based diabetes management system that is made up of components such as, wireless technologies, sensors, GPS technologies and other functional aspects (Alotaibi, Istepanian and Philip 2016). The primary objective of the system is to provide optimal healthcare services to all patients. The cost-effectiveness of this system enables it to be used by many people. It facilitates remote monitoring of the blood level conditions and records and maintains a medical history database, while enhancing patient knowledge on the disorder. Thus, the 2 major components of SAED are commonly referred to as the mobile patient or healthcare provider component, and the intelligent diabetes management component (Alotaibi, Istepanian and Philip 2016). The other mobile health technology that acts as an innovation in diabetes management is the Mobile Health Effect and Readiness Questionnaire (MHERQ). This questionnaire is a modified version of the THREQ, translated into the Arabic language (Alenazia et al. 2017). It encompasses three sections, namely, clinical data, demographics and a 5-point likert scale with 13 questions, based on the readiness of patients for use of m-Health technologies. The primary objective of this questionnaire was to evaluate the effectiveness of health monitoring services in controlling the rates of diabetes through the use of mobile devices. Another objective was therefore related to determining whether the people of KSA have technical literacy and are ready to make use of these services for improving their health (Alenazi et al. 2017). Need and rationale for the innovation Diabetes mellitus is regarded as one of the fastest-growing chronic health disorder globally (WHO 2016). The major factors that contribute to the ever-increasing rates of diabetes in the world are sedentary lifestyle, lack of physical exercise, obesity, and unhealthy diet patterns. Research studies suggest that the socio-economic changes occurring in KSA over past 4 decades have created significant impacts on the lifestyle. These changes have resulted in less healthful eating habits and a decline in physical activity levels (American Diabetes Association 2018). According to Guariguata et al. (2014) around 382 million people were suffer from diabetes, of which 23.9% reside in Saudi Arabia. Another study assessed the burden of diabetes in KSA and the prevalence rates were found to be 23.7%, and were more among males living in urban areas (Alhowaish 2013). Research evidences also indicate that diabetes mellitus accounted for 11% of the total healthcare expenses in the year 2011 (America n Diabetes Association 2013). Moreover, studies state that the estimated number of diabetic patients would reach 32% of the adult population, by the year 2020 (Guariguata et al. 2014). The total annual medical costs for diabetes were as high as $657 million in 2010 (UHO 2010). The rapidly increasing proportion of diabetes in KSA accounts for the poor general health, low quality of life, high morbidity, mortality and vascular complications. Therefore, there was a need to emphasise on screening for pre-diabetes and diabetesin order to identify the risk factors that increase susceptibility to the chronic health disorder (Al-Quwaidhi et al. 2014). This accounts for the need to implement the SAED and MHERQ techniques to manage the incidence of type-2 diabetes among people living in Saudi Arabia. Addressing the core components of Chronic Care Model The Chronic Care Model (CCM) refers to an organizational approach built with the aim of caring for individuals who suffer from chronic health conditions, in a primary care setting. The major elements of the care model includethe health-system, community, delivery system design, self-management support, clinical information system and decision support (Nundy et al. 2012). This eventually results in satisfied healthcare providers, healthier patients, and associated cost savings. The SAED mobile diabetes management intervention applied in the target population met some objectives of the CCM in that its diabetes management component represented back end operations that most commonly included data collection and storage in the database, such that it could be used in the form of decision support system. Furthermore, the database stored laboratory results, and records related to all patients, thereby offering clinical information support (Ory et al. 2013). Upon implementation, it also acted as a cost-effective healthcare solution that facilitated monitoring diabetes. Furthermore, it also facilitated self-monitoring of the condition. Thus, most of the components of the care model were addressed by SAED. On the other hand, the MHERQ when applied on the target population demonstrated an urge among the participants for the usage of data technology to cope with their condition. Furthermore, most participants showed a willingness to use mobile health technologies for i ncreasing their awareness on the disease, and directly interacting with their healthcare professionals. Thus, the MHERQ supported the need for the presence of certain components of the care model. Critical evaluation of the performance The study conducted by Alotaibi, Istepanian and Philip (2016) focused on developing an SAED for the type-2 diabetes patients of KSA in order to determine the HbA1c levels and diabetes awareness. Findings from the RCT suggested a significant reduction in HbA1c outcomes, at the end of intervention period among participants in the SAED intervention group, upon comparison with the control group. Furthermore, the mean baseline decreased from 8.76% to 7.85% in the intervention group. The results also demonstrated a remarkable improvement in knowledge and awareness of diabetes in the sample. Owing to the fact that diabetes is regarded as a chronic disease faced by individuals of the aforementioned country, the researchers illustrated the importance and effectiveness of the smart mobile management system on improving the healthcare conditions of the future generations. Furthermore, the increasing trend in the use of mobile health technology for making healthcare services more efficient and better was also followed by the researchers. Another advantage was related to determination of the effectiveness the determined the effectiveness and results on lack of intervention in the control group as well. However, the major disadvantages were related to small sample size (20 participants), lack of follow-up study and lack of information on the area in which the study was conducted. According to the study conducted by Alenazi et al. (2017) MEHRQ displayed a satisfactory response when implemented upon the target population. The advantage of the study lies in the fact that it tried to assess the readiness and levels of acceptance of mobile of telemonitoring facilities for improving diabetic status, based on a questionnaire. The study was effective in showing excellent internal consistency among the sample. Additional advantages include the response of 77% par ticipants showing willingness to use mobile health services. Moreover, 60% displayed interest to use mobile technology during holidays. Thus, the basic advantage was that most people identified the need of mobile technologies for optimal health outcomes among the patients. However, the study had its disadvantages that were associated with the presence of small sample size (30 diabetic patients), and presence of near about half of the participants displaying a lack of willingness to use telemonitoring for transferring values to other diabetic patients. Furthermore, the authors failed to describe the kind of study that was conducted. The effectiveness of SAED can be correlated with results of a systematic review that suggested significant positive impacts of self-management interventions on regulations of HbA1c levels among T-2-D patients in gulf cooperation council countries. Analysis of 8 articles, of which one was an RCT showed a statistically significant improvement in the levels of HbA1c in 5 studies. Improvements were also observed in the levels of physical activity in 4 studies. Thus, the findings were in accordance with the SAED study (Al Slamah et al. 2017). In addition, development of a mobile diabetes management system for Saudi Arabic diabetic patients, for management of diabetes and social behavior demonstrated positive impacts on knowledge promotion for diabetes and reflected positive outcomes in reducing levels of HbA1c among the patients. Results from the study also showed an improved self-efficacy among the patients on use of the SANAD (Alanzi 2014). Preliminary results suggested general acceptan ce in using m-Health system with rating among T2D patients. Further investigation showed positive impact of the SANAD in diabetic knowledge promotion and reduction of glycated hemoglobin. Thus, it can be concluded that use of self-management and mobile health technologies all over the world have shown significant improvements in diabetes management. Implications Health equity refers to study and reasons for differences that arise in the quality of the healthcare systems existing across different population (Bauer 2014). The major impact of the SAED program is the fact that it provided data to establish the effectiveness of smart phone interventions on T2D patients. The study had also made a consideration of the prevalence of smart phone technologies and levels of its usage in the Kingdom. The major impact on the providers includes self-management of the disease due to incorporation of educational tool in the program. This holds extreme relevance in remote KSA regions where lack of adequate healthcare facilities worsens the health condition of the residents. Additionally, another benefit is related to enhancement of self-monitoring that eventually reduces the mortality and morbidity rates (Logan et al. 2012). The healthcare providers are also benefitted due to the integration of clinical information with the patients. This will create better provisions for the providers to diagnose the health status and administer appropriate interventions, by going through the previous health records of the patients (Aikens et al. 2015). Similar benefits were also created by MHERQ that enabled patients to suggest that they would like to use mobile health technologies for recording their blood glucose levels by self or during holidays (Alenazia et al. 2017). This would directly benefit the doctors as they would be able to directly implement treatment methods by interacting with the patients, while reviewing the HbA1c records (Buysse, de Moor and De Maeseneer 2013). The equity implication is related to the fact that the aforementioned strategies can be applied across all regions of the world regardless of the socio-economic status, gender, ethnic or racial disparities. Thus, it will be able to enhance retention and attraction of health workers and will directly benefit people living in areas that are inaccessible to urgent healthcare facilities (Farmer and Bukhman 2012). According to recent news, the MOH has joined forces with Joslin Diabetes Centre that is associated with the Harvard Medical School, for achieving heal thcare facilities of international standards, by training health workers on use of latest diabetes management techniques (Arab News Online 2016). Opportunities for improvement The Ministry of Health (MOH), Saudi Arabia recognises the need of implementing treatment, prevention, and rehabilitation programs for ensuring inclusive health services for all residents (Celler and Sparks 2015). This is further supplemented by its efforts of formulating a National Executive Plan for 10 years (2010-2020). The plan will act as leverage for development of other intervention programs. Furthermore, the establishment of 20 specialised centres for diabetes treatment and work towards improving awareness on the disease would be beneficial (Moh.gov.sa 2018). Furthermore, there is a need to conduct more high levels of study such as, randomised control trials to determine the effectiveness of the m-Health strategies on diabetic patients. RCTs will help to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the new interventions on human health. Thus, the relevance of the innovations to patient care can be investigated accurately (Kabisch et al. 2011). Conclusion The major strengths of healthcare technologies in the KSA are care management, actionable health information, health insurance, consumer involvement and financial services. These assets are paramount to improvement of healthcare for all citizens. Therefore, there is a need to develop partnership or collaboration between the primary stakeholders for prevention of diabetes, a chronic health problem. Implementation of innovative strategies such as m-Helath, which have already been applied in other countries, will help KSA achieve significant management and prevention of diabetes by the year 2030. References Aikens, J.E., Trivedi, R., Aron, D.C. and Piette, J.D., 2015. Integrating support persons into diabetes telemonitoring to improve self-management and medication adherence.Journal of general internal medicine,30(3), pp.319-326. Al Slamah, T., Nicholl, B.I., Alslail, F.Y. and Melville, C.A., 2017. Self-management of type 2 diabetes in gulf cooperation council countries: A systematic review.PloS one,12(12), p.e0189160. Alanzi, T., 2014.Mobile diabetes management system for Saudi Arabia embedding social networking and cognitive behavioral therapy modules(Doctoral dissertation, Kingston University). Retrieved from- https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702546 Alenazi, H., Alghamdi, M., Alradhi, S., Househ, M. and Zakaria, N., 2017. A Study on Saudi Diabetic Patients' Readiness to Use Mobile Health.Studies in health technology and informatics,245, pp.1210-1210. Alenazia, H., Alradhia, S., Alghamdia, M., Househb, M., Jamala, A. and Zakariaa, N., 2017. Readiness to Use Mobile Health Features among Diabetic Patients in Saudi Arabia: Survey Validation.Age,18(35), pp.36-55. Alhowaish, A.K., 2013. Economic costs of diabetes in Saudi Arabia.Journal of family community medicine,20(1), p.1. Alotaibi, M.M., Istepanian, R. and Philip, N., 2016. A mobile diabetes management and educational system for type-2 diabetics in Saudi Arabia (SAED).mHealth,2. Al-Quwaidhi, A.J., Pearce, M.S., Sobngwi, E., Critchley, J.A. and OFlaherty, M., 2014. Comparison of type 2 diabetes prevalence estimates in Saudi Arabia from a validated Markov model against the International Diabetes Federation and other modelling studies.Diabetes research and clinical practice,103(3), pp.496-503. American Diabetes Association, 2013. Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2012.Diabetes care,36(4), pp.1033-1046. American Diabetes Association, 2018. 4. Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes2018.Diabetes care,41(Supplement 1), pp.S38-S50. Bauer, G.R., 2014. Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: challenges and the potential to advance health equity.Social Science Medicine,110, pp.10-17. Buysse, H.E., de Moor, G.J. and De Maeseneer, J., 2013. Introducing a telemonitoring platform for diabetic patients in primary care: Will it increase the socio-digital divide?.Primary care diabetes,7(2), pp.119-127. Celler, B.G. and Sparks, R.S., 2015. Home telemonitoring of vital signsTechnical challenges and future directions.IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics,19(1), pp.82-91. Chiuve, S.E., Fung, T.T., Rimm, E.B., Hu, F.B., McCullough, M.L., Wang, M., Stampfer, M.J. and Willett, W.C., 2012. Alternative dietary indices both strongly predict risk of chronic disease.The Journal of nutrition, pp.jn-111. Farmer, P. and Bukhman, G., 2012. Reuse of medical devices and global health equity.Annals of internal medicine,157(8), pp.591-592. Guariguata, L., Whiting, D.R., Hambleton, I., Beagley, J., Linnenkamp, U. and Shaw, J.E., 2014. Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035.Diabetes research and clinical practice,103(2), pp.137-149. Kabisch, M., Ruckes, C., Seibert-Grafe, M. and Blettner, M., 2011. Randomized controlled trials: part 17 of a series on evaluation of scientific publications.Deutsches rzteblatt International,108(39), p.663. Logan, A.G., Irvine, M.J., McIsaac, W.J., Tisler, A., Rossos, P.G., Easty, A., Feig, D.S. and Cafazzo, J.A., 2012. Effect of Home Blood Pressure Telemonitoring With Self-Care Support on Uncontrolled Systolic Hypertension in DiabeticsNovelty and Significance.Hypertension,60(1), pp.51-57. Lovell, M., Myers, K., Forbes, T.L., Dresser, G. and Weiss, E., 2011. Peripheral arterial disease: application of the chronic care model.Journal of Vascular Nursing,29(4), pp.147-152. Moh.gov.sa (2018).Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Ministry of Health Portal. [online] Moh.gov.sa. Available at: https://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/MediaCenter/Publications/Pages/Publications-2013-11-12-001.aspx [Accessed 25 Jan. 2018]. Nundy, S., Dick, J.J., Goddu, A.P., Hogan, P., Lu, C.Y.E., Solomon, M.C., Bussie, A., Chin, M.H. and Peek, M.E., 2012. Using mobile health to support the chronic care model: developing an institutional initiative.International journal of telemedicine and applications,2012, p.18. Ory, M.G., Ahn, S., Jiang, L., Smith, M.L., Ritter, P.L., Whitelaw, N. and Lorig, K., 2013. Successes of a national study of the chronic disease self-management program: meeting the triple aim of health care reform.Medical care,51(11), pp.992-998. Saudi Arabia and Harvard join forces to fight diabetes Mohammed Rasooldeen. Published Thursday 15 December 2016 Retrieved from- https://www.arabnews.com/node/1024461/saudi-arabia United Health Group., 2010. Diabetes in the United Arab Emirates: Crisis or Opportunity? Retrieved from- https://www.unitedhealthgroup.com/~/media/UHG/PDF/2010/UNH_WorkingPaperDiabetesUAE.ashx?la=en World Health Organization, 2016.Global report on diabetes. World Health Organization. Retreived from- https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204871/1/9789241565257_eng.pdf