People throught out the world and throughout time all had...

People throught out the world and throughout time all had different perceptions of death. Some people accepted death cause they knew sooner or later it was going to get them and there is no way to escape it. Other people ran trying to escape death cause they were afraid of death but they still could never escape death. Death is one of the few forces in reality that is absolute. In Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. a ballerina and Harrison break off their handicaps so they no longer have to be equal with anyone else. Both of them know by doing so they will be killed but even death does not stop them. Harrison and the ballerina would rather die and be different than to be equal and have their individual abilities suppresed. In the†¦show more content†¦Mallard passes away. In the poem As Befits a Man by Langston Hughes the narrator says he doesnt care if he dies, but he doesnt want to die alone. The narrator wants a grand ceremony if he dies, he wants to be remembered. The carpenter from The Workbox by Thomas Hardy uses the the workbox he built to show juxtapoistions of life and death, extravagent and plain. Though Ivan from The Death of Ivan Ilyich by Leo Tolstoy died happily he did not at first accept death. Ivan wanted more time so he could reflect on his life and all the things he regrets. Ivan finally accepted death when he relized that it would be better for his family if he were to die. Walter Mitty from The Secret Life of Walter Mitty by James Thurber would fantasize so he did not have to be apart of the boring events that happen reality frequently. In Walters last fantasy he stood against a firing squad; this symbolized that will and imagination overcome boring reality. The narrator of Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night by Dylan Thomas says that old men even though they are going to die soon should leave the world kicking and screaming. The narrator describes how certain men will percieve and react to death. The old men know they are goi ng to die but still fight against death for as long as possible. The way I percieve death is that it is absoulute and no living thing can ever escape it. Nor should we be afraid of death it is simply aShow MoreRelatedDeath : Death And Death844 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States over two million people die a year (Death). With death comes the questions countless people wonder about. What is Death? Why did they die? Why couldn’t it have been someone else? When a loved one is lost, these questions could be circling through their heads. Death is when someone’s time on Earth has come to a close, there are numerous causes of death and people often wonder why it has to happen. Death is a part of life that everybody has to deal with. There is no way aroundRead MoreThe Death Of Death And Death1300 Words   |  6 PagesOn the topic of death, a question had been made on whether immortality is preferable to dying. In Plato’s Phaedo, Socrates’ death scene, So crates has one last philosophical conversation with his friends about what happens to the soul when it leaves the body after death. Socrates believes that the soul is immortal, meaning that it will live on even when the body does not. The themes in Phaedo are similar to those in Leo Tolstoy’s â€Å"The Death of Ivan Ilych,† which tells the story of a man named IvanRead MoreDeath Of Death And Death1270 Words   |  6 Pagesthought to the subject of death. To be more accurate: throughout my entire life I have never allowed myself to give much thought to the subject of death. Both of my parents are very easy going, optimistic individuals so death was not a subject that was ever really touched on. The only times that I really remember discussing it was in church (and I rarely ever paid attention to this). Despite this lack of contemplation, I have always known that I am very anxious about death, so when I filled out theRead MoreThe Death Of Death And Death1515 Words   |   7 Pages Everyone is familiar with the theme of death. â€Å"According to experience, death is the stopping of a behavior, the stopping of expressive movements and of physiological movements and processes†¦It is a departure, a decease, a negativity to the unknown†¦a departure without a return†(Levinas). Regardless of belief, death is the one equalizer common to man. There are countless stories attempting to illustrate or explain both the feeling and the nature of death given many various outcomes, fortunate orRead MoreThe Death Of Death1218 Words   |  5 Pagesor in other words, 55.3 million people die per year. Death is never a comfortable conversation to have with others but death is common especially among the elderly population. Atul Gawande in Being Mortal talks about how death takes many people by surprise and the descriptions of aging and dying. All the while living better through the understanding of death. The author is trying to express that even th ose in the medical field struggle with death and not ensuring the well-being of the patients thatRead MoreThe Death Of Death And Death2332 Words   |  10 PagesDeath affects people in a variety of ways, often differing throughout cohorts and cultures. Death does not affect everyone in the same way, and often life experiences have a key role in shaping how we view death. Most of these interviewees were from rural Iowa, and could show a contrast from the single interviewee from Tennessee. For this paper, I intend to showcase how several individuals can view death in a variety of ways, and how they can each face their own unique set of problems and resourcesRead MoreDeath Is Not Death?2195 Words   |  9 Pagesyet inevitable fate of all mankind; death. We spend our entire lives fearing death as well as theorizing and developing ways to live longer and put off our own eventual demise. Death is universally feared, even from a young age we are aware of the fact that death is the ultima tely the worst thing that could possibly happen to any mortal being. Death is defined as the â€Å"permanent ending of vital processes in a cell or tissue†. When thought of in these terms death does not seem like anything to be soRead MoreThe Death Of Death System898 Words   |  4 Pages The death system according to Kastenbaum (2012) is â€Å"the interpersonal and symbolic network, through which an individual’s relationship to mortality is mediated by his or her society† (p.102). This means that we face death as individuals and face it as a society and culture. The death system teaches members of a group concerning death, using mental, emotional and behavioral components and functions. There are five component: People, Places, Times, Objects and Symbols and seven function: warningRead MoreDeath Is The End Of Death1688 Words   |  7 PagesThere Is Nothing To Fear In Death. Everybody will die at some point. I know death is coming and there is nothing to fear about it because I believe that there is nothing about it on the other side to be afraid of. I was content, perfectly, to be precise before I was born and I believe it will be the same state even with death. In this essay, I will talk try to talk about why there is nothing to be afraid of in death. It is evident that death cannot be experienced, in the physical form. This is becauseRead MoreDeath By The Broom Of Death872 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"But death also goes through the world dressed as a broom, lapping the floor, looking for dead bodies, death is inside the broom, the broom is the tongue of death looking for corpses, it is the needle of death looking for thread.† Birth marks the beginning of life and is often celebrated while death gets such a bad reputation because of it signifies the end of life as an inevitable fate to humans. We tiptoe around death with hopes that it goes away and watch as it snuffs out life from those we once

Motivation And Extrinsic Motivation A Great Biblical...

â€Å"Be strong and courageous, for your work will be rewarded†, is a great biblical quote from 2 Chronicles 15:7. While watching Mr. Pink’s video about the two different types of motivations, intrinsic and extrinsic, and the effects these incentives have as they relate to business, I realized that in actuality there is not much of a difference in these motivations and how they relate to sports. The main difference between playing sports and going to work is factor of enjoyment. When playing sports, one is doing something they enjoy to do, but when one is engaged in the corporate world they are working under the rules of others to sustain financial stability. What if I told you that Mr. Pink and several psychologists believe that these motivations and incentives are becoming increasing similar and intertwined with one another? Intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and incentives are three concepts which share similarities with both the corporate world and world of sports. Intrinsic motivation is when an individual strives inwardly to be competent and self-determining in their quest to master the task at hand. Athletes who are intrinsically motivated enjoy competition, such as the action and excitement, focus on having fun, and the desire to learn skills to the best of their ability for the sport in which they are engaged. There are several things that can increase or decrease intrinsic motivation. An example of this is if an athlete is successful at something then their

Role of Biochar in Plant Growth for Soil Pathogens- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theRole of Biochar in Plant Growth for Soil Pathogens. Answer: Introduction For agriculture to be successful, the agriculturalists must among other things participate in three fundamental activities; ensure food security through increased food production, adapt to climate change and participate in climate change mitigation climate smart-agriculture; policies, practices and financing for food security , adaption and mitigation. Climate change has adverse effects on water availability for crop growth. Yet still agriculture contributes to climate change. Agriculturalists must pay close attention to agricultural practices that reduce emission of greenhouse gases, enhance, and preserve soil fertility and work to improve the organic content of the soil. With appropriate agricultural improvement and development, every land can be turn into a useful agricultural land with minimal environmental effects.This brings the need to inform farmers of the importance of biochar in improving soil and productivity by ensuring water retention and nutrients build up. The need to address climate change, soil exhaustion, waste administration and renewable energy motivates the need to pay close attention to the need of use of biochar. If it's suitability can be understood, biochar can be of greater agricultural good in terms of nutrients retention and water retention. Role of Biochar in improving Soil fertility and suppressing soil pathogens Biochar is a high carbon, residue that is produced by pyrolysis. it is the thermal decomposition of biomass in little or no oxygen. It improves nutrient retention, water retention ability, and carbon storage of the soil. The impact of biochar is dependent on the biochar properties and the amount applied. Studies show that biochar with sizeable pores proves to be very beneficial. The impact may also be dependent on regional conditions such as soil condition, soil type, temperature, and humidity. Research shows that addition of biochar to soil lowers nitrous oxide emission, eliminates methane emissions, and reduces emission of other greenhouse gases thus limiting global warming reducing climate change because of global warming (Ahmad, et al., 2014) Studies have shown that biochar because of its nutrient retention ability, has positive impacts on the growth rate of crops and the general health of the crop. Studies have also shown that biochar has carbon sequestration ability thus minimising release of carbon into the atmosphere in form of carbon IV oxide. Biochar, though new has proved to be a useful soil amendment tool and it is usefulness?in climate change mitigation is worth being studied (Ahmad, et al., 2014). Studies of the ancient soils in the Amazon basin, reports high fertility than the neighbouring soils, this no doubt is because of the biochar there. Of note is also the long-lasting effect of biochar on soil fertility. As compared to other mechanisms, biochar provides a clean method of ensuring soil fertility, soil aeration, maintaining proper soil structure with little environment impact. With its improvement on the soil fertility and soil structure, it is water and nutrients retention ability thus limiting the need f or irrigation, and it is suppressing of soil borne pathogens. It generally lowers the cost of production and improving income of farmers, coupled with its reduction on the emission of greenhouse gases and thus its impacts on climate change mitigation, biochar comes out as good news for farmers. Broadly apart from its direct impacts on agriculture that are noted later, it reduces the use of pesticides and fertilizers, decrease dependence on imported soils, create local jobs and economic cycles , increase energy security, change green and residues into valuable resources. Biochar is produced by heating organic substance under the absence or little oxygen. A few strategies have since been utilized in achieving this. Biomasses that have different chemical and physical properties have since been utilized. Biochar creators must endeavor to secure their own health and that of nature by making biochar in crisp and clean safe method. Biochar has a positive effect on the soil health. Biochar due to its porous nature enhance its water retain ability and thus increasing the bioavailable water that enhance proper crop growth. Biochar can be applied on a soil to improve the potash levels in the soil and elevate the soil pH for plant that requires such conditions (Ahmad, et al., 2014). The porous nature of biochar ensures retention of water-soluble nutrients as less are leached thus enhancing crop growth. A soil biologist Elaine Ingham indicates that the suitability of Biochar as a habit for many beneficial soil microorganisms is also important for soil growth. Ingham takes note of that when precharged with these gainful organism, biochar turns into a viable soil revision by advancing great soil and consequently plant health. Biochar likewise diminishes draining of E.coli through sandy soils relying upon application rate, feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, soil dampness content, soil surface (Atkinson, Fitzgerald, Hipp s, 2010). Biochar construct soil natural issue, improve supplement cycling, bring down mass thickness, go about as restricting operator, and diminish filtering of pesticides and supplements to the surface and ground water (Ahmad, et al., 2014). Agricultural intensification has among other disadvantages increase transfer of carbon to the atmosphere in form of carbon IV oxide therefore reducing carbon pools in the ecosystem. Adding Biochar to soil increase the carbon content of the soil. It mitigates emission of nitrous oxide, methane and other greenhouse gases. Biochar also reduces soil acidity. It also reduces irrigation and fertilizer requirements (Atkinson, Fitzgerald, Hipps, 2010). Biochar has a role in controlling plant pathogens. It has been reported to have suppressive roles on disease caused by both airborne and soil borne plant pathogens. Concerning airborne pathogens, application of different biochar derived from citrus wood are able to control grey mould and Botrytis cinenea and Lycopersicon esculentum, Capsicum annum(Chen, Zheng, Zhang, Lu, Chi, Wang, 2013). It has also been reported that Biochar produced from wood and greenhouse waste under controlled conditions significantly reduce incidences of Powdery milder caused by Leveillula taurica (Brevik, Pereg, Quinton, Six, Van Oost, 2015). In regard to soil borne pathogens, biochar shows suppressive capability on Fusarium oxysporum. Studies show that biochar obtained from Eucalyptus wood and greenhouse waste was able to effectively control seedling damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani on Cucumis sativus. Biochar control plant diseases through the following proposed mechanism. I) induction of systemic resistance ii) enhanced abundance and or activities of beneficial microbes iii) modification of soil quality in terms of nutrient availability and abiotic conditions iv) direct fungitoxic effects of biochar v) sorption of allelopathic, phytotoxic components The purpose behind utilization of biochar to the soil would be assembled into four classes. a) agricultural productivity; b) administration of contamination and eutrophication danger to the earth c) Reconquest of degraded land d) sequestration of carbon from the environment. Reports demonstrate that biochar can endure for a great many years with few break down. This recommends the enduring impact in soil and concentrates additionally demonstrates change of its contact with time. Application should be possible by hands or utilizing customary hardware, for example, compost spreaders and lime and ought to be fused into the soil by culturing. Perpetual yields that requires no furrowing, biochar can be a) used to the soil surface and ideally encased with organic assets. b) utilized blended with fertilizer or mulch c) utilized as a fluid slurry. Biochar outstandingly can rise microbial activity and diminishing supplement harms through preparing or treating the soil. Somewhere else, biochar can be blended with supplements wrapped with pH adjusted and organisms and substance of portable issue is rot into supplements of plant. Wearing dusk mask when dealing with drier materials is encouraged to give respiratory protection.(Gaskin, J.W,Steiner, C, Harris) Study done in temperate climates shows biochar capacity to improve plant growing, decrease filtering of supplements, raise water maintenance capacity of the soil, and enlarge microbial movement. In Brazil, nearby plant sorts were increased in territories where biochar was applied. Studies demonstrate change after some time of the properties of biochar vital in improving plant development. Research point that organic nitrogen fixation and accommodating mycorrhizal relations in broad beans are enhanced through biochar application. Biochar with many pores is indicated by researchers and studies of excellence chemical and physical properties for the soil. Creation of biochar is important in influencing it's quality. Studies have shown that different creation procedures yields biochar of different qualities. Biochar can have positive, negative, or unfavorable effects on the soil.Being a new product; it is difficult for farmers to find it in large quantities at affordable prices. In addition, it is important to note that anyone can sell anything as biochar. Farmers must therefore be conscious of the physical and chemical properties of biochar they buy. It is therefore recommended that information on any plant growth examination or test done, and how the test were conducted, be provided by the provider. Biochar gives hopes to farmers as it can be cheaply derived from a range of forest residues, sewage sludge, organic and agricultural waste Biomasses at different pyrolysis conditions. Biochar defined by its useful application to the soil, it's improvement of the soil fertility, its suppressive role on pathogens, it's reduction on emission of greenhouse gases is proving to be of good than bad. Biochar can be more important to agriculture, than currently known, if more research is to be done. Much attention however needs to be paid to its application rate and its constituents even as it is being applied to the soil. Its use against the use of herbicides must also be checked. In Australia, studies are underway on the use of biochar to improve soil fertility towards the growth of wheat. In addition, much attention has been paid to its role in supressing Fusarium pseudograminearum affecting wheat. Though little information is available, biochar being new, studies points to one of the proposal by researchers that biochar encourages systemic resistance of plants against pathogens. Reports indicate positive results on the impact of biochar on wheat health. With these positive findings, researchers are of the point of view that the same results can be achieved with barley. Having recorded positive results on the growth of wheat in Australian soils and in supressing F. pseudograminearum of wheat, agriculturalists argue that with proper research, biochar can be used in controlling crown rot disease of barley, wheat and barley being members of the grass family. Limited research on the use of biochar is limiting it's use Introduction to barley crop Barley crop is a member of the grass family, is one among the most important cereal crop, wheat, maize and rice being others. It is a temperate crop grown during summer, though it is also grown in tropical areas during winter (Chen, Zheng, Zhang, Lu, Chi, Wang, 2013). Traditionally it was classified into two and six-rowed barley and whether or not it has shattering spikes or non-shattering spikes. Uses of Barley Barley, just like any other crops has several uses in Western Australia among others; i) used as animal fodder, ii) In malt productions iii) source of fermantable material for Berens contain distilled beverages iv) a component of health foods v) it is used in soups and stews and in barley bread vi) it is also used as Biofuels Health benefits of Barley when used as food Barley is used as a component of health foods. It is also used in soups and stews and in barley bread. When used as food, it has the following benefits; prevents heart disease, helps with weight loss; provide antioxidant properties, high in vitamin and mineral, help control blood sugar levels, improve digestion and a source of fibre (Chibuike, 2014). Problems facing barley cultivation Cultivation of barley, just like any other crop, is faced with a myriad of problems, some that can easily be prevented. Among the problems facing barley cultivation soil exhaustion due to continuous use of the soil thus low soil fertility resulting into lower yields. Pest disease eg crown rot disease thus farmers have to spray the crops with chemicals increasing the cost of production limiting income. Barley cultivation is also faced with fluctuations in world market prices and climate change (Elad, Cytryn, Harel, Lew, Graber, 2012). Crown rot disease Crown rot disease is caused by soil borne fungus called Fusarium pseudograminearum. Crown rot disease affects many plants eg cereals, vegetables, trees and shrubs (The Bulb-o-licious Garden).Younger plants have been seen to be more susceptible to the disease. It can attack all winter cereals and many grassy weeds. The pathogen can interfere with water movement within the stem eventually causing death of the crop. The fungus survives from one season to the next and can cause the disease to the following crop. The effects of the crown rot are more severe when good conditions for crop growth are followed by dry conditions. A wet finish to the season can reduce the damage caused by crown rot but have little impact if any on loss of yield. (Crown rot on cereals (2009) factsheets, Grains Research, and Development Corporation) Signs of Crown rot disease The symptoms of the disease vary from plant to plant. The disease presents with dry rotting of lower stem of the affected plants. The rotting may also spread to the lateral branches and may spread to the entire plant. The rotten part appears dark coloured, indicative of dead tissues. Some infected plants may also wilt and quickly die. There are reported cases of stunted growth by some infected plants. Other methods for detecting crown rot disease Apart from the signs of crown disease, detection can also be done by by DNA based soil tests (PreDicta B). This can be used to assess the level of crown rot. Soil samples including plant residues can be tested early in late summer to allow results be returned before planting season. This would be very useful when planting susceptible barley or cereal varieties or assessing the risk (Crown rot on cereals (2009) factsheets. Different methods of controlling crown rot disease To avoid excessive loss from crown rot disease, preventive and control measures must be initiated against the disease. The disease is not easy to control; prevention is one of the sure ways of controlling the disease. In cases where prevention was not, done, affected plants can be removed from the farm to avoid spread to other healthy plants. The areas and the surrounding soils can be sanitizing too. Amending soil to improve drainage can also be away of controlling the pathogen. Poor drainage has proven to encourage the disease. Overly wet soils can also be avoided around plants. Crop rotation practice can also be done to manage the disease. The use of fungicides has also been employed though it is not very Conditions favouring the growth of Fusarium pseudograminearum (causative agents for crown rot disease) Ecological conditions assume a bigger part in the predominance of F. Pseudograminearum. This is to a great extent amid the late periods of product development when summer is practically arriving at an end. While both precipitation and temperature are imperative, ponders have demonstrated that precipitation assumes a considerably bigger part in the predominance of crown decay malady, however a weak temperature-infection connection exist. An investigation done in a wheat population in Australia demonstrates that the greatest summer temperature where F. pseudograminearum flourish was observed to be 31C. Where dry season conditions prevails, crown decay malady has been accounted for to be heightened, as warm and dry conditions are the request of the day in such conditions. This is to a great extent because of the capacity of the pathogen to flourish under such conditions. Research center examinations recommend that Fusarium pseudograminearum develops best under dry conditions.it addition ally propose that while Fusarium pseudograminearum develops best under temperatures extending between 5C to 30 C it doesn't flourish under temperatures of beneath 5c or more 35C. The most widely recognized administration routine with regards to controlling Fusarium crown rot disease is utilizing a resistance species. While no completely safe assortment is accessible, protection as far as resilience to the infection can be utilized. Resilience furnishes the host with the capacity to withstand the disease and create an adequate yield. This is the basis of the use of biochar in suppressing soil pathogens as it confers systemic resistance to the pathogens. Biochar in controlling crown rot disease The study on the use of Biochar in reducing crown rot disease caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum (Linn Doran, 1984). It applies the proposed mechanism by which biochar help reduce soil pathogens. It proposes that biochar can make Barley develop systemic resistance to Fusarium pseudograminearum (Mndez, Gmez, Paz-Ferreiro, Gasc, 2012). It also proposes that biochar can help modify the soil quality in terms of nutrient availability and abiotic conditions. It helps with direct fungitoxic effects. All these would ensure reduction of the crown rot disease. Other Benefits of Biochar on growth of Barley Biochar apart from its suppressive role on soil pathogens, Fusarium pseudograminearum in this case, has other benefits on the growth of barley (Mndez, Gmez, Paz-Ferreiro, Gasc, 2012). It increases the potash levels in the soil. It enhances organic content of the soil thus enhancing soil fertility. It helps in water retention thus helping in ensuring water availability for the crop during dry seasons. Biochar also provides habitat for many beneficial soil microorganisms. The study proposes the need to focus on the environment friendly methods of suppression of soil pathogens. Biochar reduces emissions of nitrous oxide, methane and other green house gases thus reducing global warming and reducing impact of global warming on climate change (Spokas, et al., 2012). The study done between two farms. One with barley but no application of biochar and one with barley and biochar are applied (Van Der Heijden, Bardgett, Van Straalen, 2008). Then Fusarium pseudograminearum is introduced into the two farms. Observed over a period of time. Reports indicate better yields on the farm where biochar was applied. This suggests possible suppression of the pathogens. Either the crops develop systemic resistance as induced by biochar or biochar promoted dominance of the beneficial microbes or biochar offer direct fungitoxic effects on the Fusarium species (Van Genuchten, 1980). The biochar-applied farm had better yields and limited spread of the fungus whereas the farm where biochar was not applied had poor yields and widespread crown rot disease. Biochar however has some disadvantages among others i) Fresh biochar inactivates herbicides this hindering effective control of weeds ii) Biochar can contain heavy metals and toxic compounds that can pose serious environmental threat In a study with the following materials and Methods, Four sizeable seedbeds, Biochar, Barley seed. Biochar is applied on three seedbeds. The other seedbed is left without application of the biochar. The barley seeds are then introduced into the four seedbeds and allowed to germinate and grow to a certain length. Fusarium pseudograminearum are then introduced into the seedlings in two seedbeeds. Leaving two seedbeds with no Fusarium species, one with biochar and the other without. Methods of inoculation of Fusarium species in a study set up There are two methods of inoculation of Fusarium pseudograminearum (Viger, Hancock, Miglietta, Taylor, 2015). This includes spraying and pin point inoculation. Proceed as follows, cut the coleoptile apex of a barley grown in biochar and dipping to conidial suspension. Cover with a plastic bag for three days and measure the length of the lesson 7days after inoculation (Viger, Hancock, Miglietta, Taylor, 2015). Do the same with barley grown in a soil lacking biochar. Compare the length of the lesions. Hypothetically, the length of the lesion in barley grown in biochar appears smaller than that grown in soil that lacks biochar. Hordeum Vulgate species of barley is suitable for the experiment. Possible explanation on the effects of Biochar in supressing soil and pathogens and soil fertility The objective of this study is to assess the impact of biochar in suppressing soil borne pathogens in this case, Fusarium pseudograminearum. The barley seedlings in the biochar applied seedbed showed relatively healthy crops with very minimal lesson length. The barley seedling in the seedbed where biochar was not applied records stunted growth and relatively larger length. We hypothesize that the previously observed increase in growth and increase in the systemic resistance to plant diseases may be partly attributed to the proliferation of microbial elicitors that occur because of biochar-stimulated shifts in the Fusarium microbial community. Also noted that in the two seedbeds where the pathogen was not introduced, the one where biochar was applied records health and quick growth. This possibly would support the earlier hypothesis that biochar improves the nutrient content of the soil and increases water retention capability of the soil. References Atkinson, C. J., Fitzgerald, J. D., Hipps, N. A. (2010). Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: a review. Plant and soil, 337(1-2), 1-18. Van Der Heijden, M. G., Bardgett, R. D., Van Straalen, N. M. (2008). The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology letters, 11(3), 296-310. Warnock, D. D., Lehmann, J., Kuyper, T. W., Rillig, M. C. (2007). Mycorrhizal responses to biochar in soilconcepts and mechanisms. Plant and soil, 300(1-2), 9-20. Elad, Y., David, D. R., Harel, Y. M., Borenshtein, M., Kalifa, H. B., Silber, A., Graber, E. R. (2010). Induction of systemic resistance in plants by biochar, a soil-applied carbon sequestering agent. Phytopathology, 100(9), 913-921. Laird, D. A. (2008). The charcoal vision: a winwinwin scenario for simultaneously producing bioenergy, permanently sequestering carbon, while improving soil and water quality. Agronomy journal, 100(1), 178-181. Elad, Y., Cytryn, E., Harel, Y. M., Lew, B., Graber, E. R. (2012). The biochar effect: plant resistance to biotic stresses. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 50(3), 335-349. Linn, D. M., Doran, J. W. (1984). Effect of water-filled pore space on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide production in tilled and nontilled soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 48(6), 1267-1272. Mndez, A., Gmez, A., Paz-Ferreiro, J., Gasc, G. (2012). Effects of sewage sludge biochar on plant metal availability after application to a Mediterranean soil. Chemosphere, 89(11), 1354-1359. Ahmad, M., Rajapaksha, A. U., Lim, J. E., Zhang, M., Bolan, N., Mohan, D., ... Ok, Y. S. (2014). Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: a review. Chemosphere, 99, 19-33. Van Genuchten, M. T. (1980). A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil science society of America journal, 44(5), 892-898. Chibuike, G. U., Obiora, S. C. (2014). Heavy metal polluted soils: effect on plants and bioremediation methods. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, Brevik, E. C., Cerd, A., Mataix-Solera, J., Pereg, L., Quinton, J. N., Six, J., Van Oost, K. (2015). The interdisciplinary nature of SOIL. Soil, 1(1), 117. Harel, Y. M., Elad, Y., Rav-David, D., Borenstein, M., Shulchani, R., Lew, B., Graber, E. R. (2012). Biochar mediates systemic response of strawberry to foliar fungal pathogens. Plant and Soil, 357(1-2), 245-257. Chen, J., Liu, X., Zheng, J., Zhang, B., Lu, H., Chi, Z., ... Wang, J. (2013). Biochar soil amendment increased bacterial but decreased fungal gene abundance with shifts in community structure in a slightly acid rice paddy from Southwest China. Applied Soil Ecology, 71, 33-44. Khan, S., Chao, C., Waqas, M., Arp, H. P. H., Zhu, Y. G. (2013). Sewage sludge biochar influence upon rice (Oryza sativa L) yield, metal bioaccumulation and greenhouse gas emissions from acidic paddy soil. Environmental science technology, 47(15), 8624-8632. Viger, M., Hancock, R. D., Miglietta, F., Taylor, G. (2015). More plant growth but less plant defence? First global gene expression data for plants grown in soil amended with biochar. 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Twelfth Night Essays (667 words) - Twelfth Night, Theatre

Twelfth Night Respond to each of the items below. 1. In your own words, provide a brief summary of the play in 200 words or less. Viola and Sebastian are twins but think each other is dead. Viola dresses like a man and begins to work for Orsino and tries to help him court Lady Olivia but Viola falls in love with Orsino, Olivia falls in love with Viola ("Cesario"), and then Sebastian shows up (with his friend Antonio) and Olivia thinks HE is Cesario and asks him to marry her. Antonio thinks Viola (as Cesario) is Sebastian and now everyone is very confused. Meanwhile, a bunch of people are playing a joke on Malvolio by making him believe that Olivia is in love with him causing him to act crazy. At the end, everything comes out. The siblings are reunited, Orsino falls in love with Viola, Sebastian and Olivia do get married, Toby and Maria get married, and finally Malvolio is let out of the room he was kept in while "being treated for his madness". Twelfth Night involves mistaken identities and disguise. Summarize each of these, and explain the reason for each. Viola disguised herself as a man so she could find work in Duke Orsino's house (originally she wanted to work in Olivia's house but couldn't because she was a stranger). Sebastian is mistaken for "Cesario" by Olivia, who has fallen in love with "Cesario", and Sebastian is attracted to Olivia so he doesn't question anything. Antonio mistakes Viola (as "Cesario") for Sebastian which is actually a good thing because it's at this point that Viola realizes that her brother might be alive. How is the concept of love portrayed in this play? Love is a major point in the plot of Twelfth Night. With the exception of Viola (towards Orsino), all romantic love is portrayed in a rather absurd way. Orsino seems to be infatuated with Olivia in the beginning but switches his passions to Viola pretty quickly. Olivia falls in love with Cesario but Cesario doesn't exist, he's just Viola in disguise. Malvolio's love for Olivia doesn't seem to feel true love for her and is more in love with the idea of "upgrading" his social status. Viola's and Sebastian's familial love is taken seriously as is Antonio's love (romantic or otherwise) for Sebastian. What do you predict for the relationships for each of the three couples at the end of the play? Will each live happily ever after, or could there be some challenges ahead? Explain. I predict that Viola and Orsino will live happily. Toby and Maria's relationship, I feel, will fizzle out and they'll just go back to being friends. Olivia and Sebastian will learn to love each other. They really didn't know each other at all before rushing into commitment but I think their personalities are compatible enough that they'd get along. In the days of Shakespeare, girls/women did not tend to act. Considering that the actors were probably all male, what special challenged did Shakespeare have with producing this play in a manner where the audience would not be confused? I forgot this. Shakespeare would have had to find actors who looked similar (to pass as twins) or actual twins, but there would have to be some kind of distinction so they could be told apart on stage. Clothing wouldn't be enough because there's so much mistaken identity and switching around that the audience would get very confused. 6. The play's title refers to a holiday that is known for "things being topsy-turvy", for festivities, and for celebrating the three wise men finding the "true king." With these things in mind, explain how this title appropriate for this play. This is something that I never knew. Well, then the play perfectly describes the topsy-turvy of the holiday. In this play, everything seems to be out of order. Viola and Sebastian think each other is dead, when they aren't. Viola dresses up as a man and Olivia falls in love with her/"him". Sebastian shows up and Olivia thinks he's the same man as before. Malvolio is just extremely confused and crazy. However, I don't see the connection to the three wise men and the king.